Īmato MP, Razzolini L, Goretti B et al (2013) Cognitive reserve and cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Īmato MP, Ponziani G, Siracusa G et al (2001) Cognitive dysfunction in early-onset multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal after 10 years. Sumowski JF, Benedict R, Enzinger C, Filippi M, Geurts JJ, Hamalainen P et al (2018) Cognition in multiple sclerosis: state of the field and priorities for the future. Rao SM, Leo GJ, Bernardin L, Unverzagt F (1991) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: frequency, patterns, and prediction. Zhang X, Zhang F, Huang D et al (2017) Contribution of gray and white matter abnormalities to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Ĭhiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2008) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Trapp BD, Ransohoff R, Rudick R (1999) Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurologic disability. Nonetheless, more studies are required to examine the optimum cut-off score for detecting cognitive impairments in MS patients. In patients with MS, the MoCA provides information on general cognitive functions disturbances. Furthermore, in MS patients without subjective cognitive complaints, a cutoff of 27 could provide a better balance between the sensitivity and the specificity of the test. Although the MoCA test demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity when used at the recommended threshold of 26, a lower threshold than the original cut-off was also reported to be useful for optimal screening, as it lowers false positive rates and improves diagnostic accuracy. Publication period ranged from 2012 to 2020. We identified fourteen studies that met the inclusion criteria: three cross-sectional studies and two case – control studies comparing MoCA to a battery of tests, one study comparing MoCA to Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and eight studies estimating the prevalence of cognitive impairment in individuals with MS. We conducted a systematic literature review, searching five databases from inception until May 2020. Trail making requires cognitive flexibility generated through the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortices.This study aims to systematically review the evidence on the accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test for evaluating the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to outline the quality and quantity of research evidence available about the use of MoCA in this population.At the end of the second trial, inform the subject that (s)he will be asked to recall these words again by saying, “ I will ask you to recall those words again at the end of the test.” Try to remember and tell me as many words as you can, including words you said the first time.” Put a check in the allocated space for each word the subject recalls after the second trial. When the subject indicates that (s)he has finished (has recalled all words), or can recall no more words, read the list a second time with the following instructions: “ I am going to read the same list for a second time. It doesn’t matter in what order you say them.” Mark a check in the allocated space for each word the subject produces on this first trial. When I am through, tell me as many words as you can remember. I am going to read a list of words that you will have to remember now and later on. Read a list of 5 words at a rate of 1 word per second, giving the following instructions: “ This is a memory test.
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